Ableism

Ableism is a set of beliefs or practices that devalue and discriminate against people with physical, intellectual, or psychiatric disabilities and often rests on the assumption that disabled people need to be ‘fixed’ in one form or the other.

Bias

Bias is an inclination of temperament or outlook. Bias is also a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment.

Classism

Classism is differential treatment based on social class or perceived social class. Classism is the systematic oppression of subordinated class groups to advantage and strengthen the dominant class groups. It’s the systematic assignment of characteristics of worth and ability based on social class.

Downstream Strategies

Downstream strategies are interventions which often involve individual-level behavioral approaches for prevention or disease management.

Elitism

Elitism is when a group of individuals who may be of higher intellect, wealth, power, and/or special skills and experiences higher influence in society.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is a state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

Fair

Fair is marked by impartiality and honesty: free from self-interest, prejudice or favoritism.

Genderism

Genderism is the systematic belief that people need to conform to their gender assigned at birth in a gender-binary system that includes only female and male.

Health Disparity

Health disparities are differences in health among groups of people that are linked to social, economic, geographic, and/or environmental disadvantage.

Health Equity

Health equity is when everyone has the opportunity to be as healthy as possible.

Health Inequity

Health inequities are systematic differences to opportunities leading to unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes.

Heterosexism

Heterosexism is prejudice against any non-heterosexual form of behavior, relationship, or community, particularly the denigration of lesbians, gay men, and those who are bisexual or transgender. Whereas homophobia generally refers to an individual’s fear or dread of gay men or lesbians, heterosexism denotes a wider system of beliefs, attitudes, and institutional structures that attach value to heterosexuality and disparage alternative sexual behavior and orientation.

Implicit Bias

Implicit bias is unconscious, automatic, and relies on associations that we form over time. We can form bias toward groups of people based on what we see in the media, our background, and experiences. Our biases reflect how we internalize messages about our society rather than our intent.

Intersectionality

Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Just

It is acting or being in conformity with what is morally upright or good.

Oppression

Oppression is the systematic subjugation of one social group by a more powerful social group for the social, economic, and political benefit of the more powerful social group.

Oppression = Power + Prejudice

Power

Power is a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.

Privilege

Privilege refers to certain social advantages, benefits, or degrees of prestige and respect that an individual has by virtue of belonging to certain social identity groups.

Race

In practice, the designation of race is based on socially defined visual traits as seen through the filter of individual and social perspective, while ethnicity is a category determined by genes, culture, and social class, a product of social evolution.

Racism

Racism is a system consisting of structures, policies, practices, and norms that assigns value and determines opportunity based on the way people look or the color of their skin. This results in conditions that unfairly advantage some and disadvantage others throughout society.

Racism is not just the discrimination against one group based on the color of their skin or their race or ethnicity, but the structural barriers that impact racial and ethnic groups differently to influence where a person lives, where they work, where their children play, and where they gather in community.

Sizeism

Sizeism is prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person’s size or weight.

Social Construct

A social construct is an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society.

Social Determinants of Equity

The social determinants of equity are quality experiences in the early years, education and building personal and community resilience, good quality employment and working conditions, having sufficient income to lead a healthy life, healthy environments, and priority public health conditions.

Social Determinants of Health

The social determinants of health are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels. The state social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities – the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

Social Identity

Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership. The groups that people belong to can be a source of pride and self-esteem.

Systemic Racism

Systemic racism is what happens when cultural institutions and systems reflect that individual racism.

Unearned Access

Unearned access is access based on an identity someone holds traditionally associated with privilege.

Upstream Strategies

Upstream interventions involve policy approaches that can affect large populations through regulation, increased access, or economic incentives. For example, increasing tobacco taxes is an effective method for controlling tobacco-related diseases (7). Midstream interventions occur within organizations. Downstream interventions would be the rate of self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (downstream).

Xenophobia

Xenophobia is fear of people from another country or group.

1. Declaring Racism, a Public Health Emergency: What does that mean?— NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/showcase/6245040/video/461840938
2. The Skin You’re In https://www.tsyi.org/
3. Racism as a Cost for Everyone TEDTalk by Heather C. McGhee https://www.ted.com/talks/heather_c_mcghee_racism_has_a_cost_for_everyone?language=en
4. CDC Director Dr. Rochelle Walensky Addresses the Community Preventive Services Task Force https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiJU4vSWwyQ
5. Director’s Commentary by Dr. Rochelle Walensky, MD, MPH, Director of CDC https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/director-commentary.html
6. Racism and Health: Racism is a Serious Threat to the Public’s Health – https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/index.html
7. TIME 100 Talks Health Summit: CDC Director Dr. Rochelle Walensky on Health Equity https://www.facebook.com/time/videos/494864391826911/
8. Impact of Racism on our Nation’s Health—CDC https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/impact-of-racism.html
9. Race Equity and Public Health—American Public Health Association https://www.apha.org/-/media/Files/PDF/advocacy/SPEAK/210825_Racial_Equity_Fact_Sheet.ashx
10. Racism: The Ultimate Underlying Condition—American Public Health Association https://www.apha.org/events-and-meetings/webinars/racial-equity/webinar-1-recording
11. Race Toward Health: How Race is the Greatest Predictor of Health with Dr. Thomas LaVeist—NACDD podcast https://soundcloud.com/nacdd/race-toward-health-health-and-race-in-america-will-this-time-be-different
12. Race Toward Health: What is a ‘Racial Equity Culture’? with Dr. Kristine Andrews—NACDD podcast https://soundcloud.com/nacdd/race-toward-health-what-is-a-race-equity-culture
13. Race Toward Health: The Political Determinants of Health with Daniel Dawes—NACDD podcast https://soundcloud.com/nacdd/race-toward-health-political-determinants-of-health-how-to-address-equity-through-a-political-lens
14. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale by Dr. Camara Phyllis Jones https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/practice/resources/equitylibrary/docs/jones-allegories.pdf
15. How Racism Makes Us Sick by David R. Williams https://www.ted.com/talks/david_r_williams_how_racism_makes_us_sick
16. If Racism is a Public Health Crisis, What Does that Mean for My Work? by Dr. Camara Phyllis Jones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0hhtIrul5U&t=3354s

1. How Do We Overcome Our Biases—Walk Boldly Towards Them by Verna Myers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYyvbgINZkQ
2. Harvard Implicit Association Test https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
3. Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack of Privilege by Peggy McIntosh https://psychology.umbc.edu/files/2016/10/White-Privilege_McIntosh-1989.pdf
4. University of Central Arkansas (UCA) Privilege Exercise Worksheet https://uca.edu/training/files/2017/11/Privilege-Exercises-Action-Steps-Handout.pdf  
5. Kimberlé Crenshaw: What is Intersectionality? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViDtnfQ9FHc
6. Kimberlé Crenshaw at Ted + Animation
   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRci2V8PxW4
7. Intersectionality and Health Explained—Sociological Studies Sheffield
   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwqnC1fy_zc
8. The Urgency of Intersectionality by Kimberlé Crenshaw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOe5-UsQ2o
9. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw: Structural & Political Intersectionality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWa63FLEYsU
10. Be an Ally—NIH Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion https://www.edi.nih.gov/blog/communities/be-ally
11. I Grew Up in Poverty. Here’s Why I Recognize my White Privilege by Tom Rietz https://youtu.be/xp8YYVxIeVQ

1. Does My Neighborhood Determine My Future? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pu2sKNJMH-k
2. Where You Live Has a Huge Impact on Your Health https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNzFnHL-8Zk
3. Segregated by Design https://www.segregatedbydesign.com
4. Health to be Determined: Using Built Environment to Relieve Communities from Arrested Mobility with Charles T. Brown, MPA—NACDD podcast https://soundcloud.com/nacdd/charles-brown
5. Why the Built Environment? by Dr. Matthew Trowbridge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vL4VPMYmTUw
6. Downstream, Upstream, Mainstream: Getting to Equity with Dr. Renée Canady—NACDD webinar https://chronicdisease.zoom.us/rec/play/2HLvH3EOMO_DNW5IY54d2Yk3Nf3OuLha11tBWBzB78oHXIqbrvVlSQVspb-s8VCjThJKJ26CMi6KRREq.QnrHY9EVjkI8LQy6?autoplay=true&startTime=1586887103000
7. How We in State Health Departments Can Support Active People, Healthy Nation—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/388273275
8. Insights Magazine: Socially Determined – A Call to Action—NACDD report https://chronicdisease.org/resource/resmgr/website-2019/30anniversary/nacdd_insights_mediumres.pdf
9. Complete Streets Webinar by Public Health Partners—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/351058979
10. Health: To Be Determined—NACDD Podcast Series https://chronicdisease.org/category/publications-library/podcasts/?tag=socially-determined
11. Deliberate Practice: Programs-Level Approaches to Address Upstream Factors—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/368824798
12. Upstream Factors: From What and Why to How—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/363588802
13. Community IS Medicine – an “Rx” for Eating, Exercise, Sleep and Community—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/334663786
14. Building the Public Narrative to Address Root Causes for Health Disparities & State Examples—NACDD webinar https://vimeo.com/267233262
15. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America Webinar and Q&A with author Richard Rothstein, NACDD consultant Robyn Taylor, and NACDD Board Past President Dr. Susan Kansagra—NACDD webinar https://chronicdisease.org/the-color-of-law-presentation-and-qa-with-richard-rothstein/

1. Health Equity Guiding Principles for Inclusive Communication—CDC
   https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Health_Equity.html
2. Educating and Communicating about Breast and Cervical Cancer in the Community—Innovating Health International https://www.uicc.org/sites/main/files/atoms/files/ENGLISH-Breast-Cancer-Training-Manual.pdf
3. Health Equity Toolkit—Campaign for Action https://campaignforaction.org/resource/equity-toolkit-helps-communities-take-on-social-determinants-of-health/
4. Advancing Health Equity: Key Questions for Assessing Policy, Processes, and Assumptions—Minnesota Department of Health https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/practice/resources/publications/docs/1811advancingHEkeyQs.pdf
5. Breast Cancer Disparities Online Toolkit—ASTHO https://www.astho.org/breastcancer.aspx
6. Disparities Impact Statement—Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/Downloads/Disparities-Impact-Statement-508-rev102018.pdf
7. Plan of Action for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control 2018-2030—PAHO https://www.paho.org/en/documents/plan-action-cervical-cancer-prevention-and-control-2018-2030
8. Compilation of Resources on Health Equity to Accelerate Population Health–NACDD https://chronicdisease.org/accelerating-population-health-recommendations-from-the-2018-nacdd-gear-groups/
9. Social Vulnerability Index—CDC https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html

1. National LGBT Cancer Network website—National LGBT Cancer Network https://cancer-network.org/out-the-national-cancer-survey/
2. Vanessa Goes to the Doctor—National LGBT Cancer Network https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3eDKf3PFRo&t=1s
3. What Goes Unsaid—National LGBT Cancer Network https://cancer-network.org/resources/what-goes-unsaid/
4. The Southern LGBTQ Health Survey Report (2019) —Southern LGBTQ Health Initiative https://southernequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/SouthernLGBTQHealthSurvey–FullReport.pdf
5. Latinx LGBT Adults in the US—UCLA School of Law, Williams Institute https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/
6. Increasing Access for the LGBTQ+ Population—National LGBT Cancer Network/CDC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKpowMu1kn8
7. Effects of gender discrimination on health https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-gender-discrimination

1. Impact of Unresolved Trauma on American Indian Health Equity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBKiKuVtrtg
2. American Indian Health Equity/Disparities—Center for American Indian Resilience https://in.nau.edu/cair/ai-health-equity-and-disparities/
3. Native Americans and Health Equity—NIHCM https://nihcm.org/publications/native-americans-health-equity
4. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. Chapter 2: The State of Health Disparities in the United States. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/
5. Racialization as a Barrier to Achieving Health Equity for Native Americans https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/racialization-barrier-achieving-health-equity-native-americans/2020-10

1. How Do We Advance Equity for Asian Americans? —RWJF https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2021/06/how-do-we-advance-health-equity-for-asian-americans.html
2. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Heritage https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/asian-pacific/index.html
3. Asian Americans and Health Equity: Dismantling Stereotypes and Changing the Narrative by Dr. Simona C. Kwon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbjMv7wAtnY
4. Anti-Asian American Racism: A Wake-Up Call for Population Based Cancer Research https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/30/8/1455

1. Using Data to Promote Equity in Policy and Programming—NACDD https://chronicdisease.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-Resources-and-References_2021-Using-Data-to-Promote-Equity-in-Policy-and-Programming.pdf
2. #Ableism—Center for Disability Rights https://cdrnys.org/blog/uncategorized/ableism/
3. What is Classism? —Class Action https://classism.org/about-class/what-is-classism/
4. Health inequalities by class and race in the US: What can we learn from the patterns? https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/davidrwilliams/files/2010-health_inequalities_by-williams.pdf
5. Awake to Woke to Work: Building a Race Equity Culture — Equity in the Center https://equityinthecenter.org/aww/
6. Measuring the Impact of Public Health Policy—CDC https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0249.htm

1. Breast cancer statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/index.htm. Updated June 8, 2020. Accessed July 15, 2020.
2. Breast cancer basic information. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/index.htm. Updated July 26, 2019.
3. Cancer disparities. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/aboutcancer/understanding/disparities. Updated March 11, 2019. Accessed July 17, 2020.
4. Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Miele L, et al. Health and racial disparity in breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1152:31-49. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3
5. Yi H, Xiao T, Thomas PS, et al. Barriers and facilitators to patient-provider communication when discussing breast cancer risk to aid in the development of decision support tools. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings Archive. 2015; 1352-1360.
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765687/pdf/2245313.pdf
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    https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/young_women/index.htm. Updated July 9, 2019. Accessed July 21, 2020.
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12. Davio K. African American women are at a disadvantage in preventing breast cancer. The American Journal of Managed Care. Published January 16, 2019. 
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14. Black KZ, Eng E, Schaal JC, et al. The other side of through: young breast cancer survivors’ spectrum of sexual and reproductive health needs. Qual Health Res. June, 2020. doi:10.1177/1049732320929649
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